Designing for color-blind people can be easily forgotten because most designers aren’t color-blind. In this article I provide 13 tips to improve the experience for color-blind people – something which can often benefit people with normal vision too.
There are many types of color blindness but it comes down to not seeing color clearly, getting colors mixed up, or not being able to differentiate between certain colors.
These problems can also be exacerbated by the environments in which people use websites. This could include low-quality monitors, bad lighting, screen glare, tiny mobile screens and sitting far away from a huge television screen.
Relying solely on color for readability and affordance makes a website difficult to use, which ultimately affects readership and sales.
While the following tips aren’t exhaustive, they do cover the majority of problems color-blind people experience when using websites.
To ensure text is readable it should pass accessibility guidelines based on the combination of text color, background color and text size as follows:
“WCAG 2.0 level AA requires a contrast ratio of 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text (14 point and bold or larger, or 18 point or larger).” — WebAim color contrast checker
Here are a few examples of color and size combinations that do and do not pass:
This illustrates how contrast is based on the combination of color and size. (View large version)
The screenshot below shows the color filter on Amazon as seen by someone with and without protanopia (red–green color blindness). Without descriptive text it is impossible to differentiate between many of the options available.
Color filter without labels as seen by someone with protanopia is impossible to use. (View large version)
Amazon shows descriptive text when the user hovers, but hover isn’t available on mobile.
Gap solves this problem by adding a text label beside each color as shown below:
Color filter with labels as seen by someone with protanopia is easy to use. (View large version)
This happens to be beneficial for people with normal vision too. For example, black and navy are difficult colors to differentiate on screen. A text label takes the guesswork out of it.
The screenshot below shows a SuperDry T-shirt for sale on its website. It is described as “Leaf Jaspe” which is ambiguous as leaves can come in an assortment of colors (green, yellow, brown. etc.).
It’s hard for color-blind people to know what color this SuperDry T-shirt is. (View large version)
Jaspe (or rather “jaspé”) means randomly mottled or variegated, so using this in addition to the specific color would be useful: “Gray Green Leaf Jaspe.”
Links should be easy to spot without relying on color. The screenshot below simulates the vision of somebody with achromatopsia (can’t see color) viewing the UK Government Digital Service (GDS) website. Many of the links are hard to see. For example, did you notice that “GDS team, User research” (located under the heading) are links?
To find a link, users are left having to hover with their mouse waiting for the cursor to change to a pointer. On mobile, they are left to tap on text hoping it will make a page request.
The links above with icons are easier to see. For those without, it would be a good idea to add an underline, which is exactly what GDS does within the body of its articles:
Underlined links are easy to see by someone with achromatopsia. (View large version)
In the physical world you can’t always control which colors appear next to one another: a red apple may have dropped and nestled itself into some green grass. However, we can control the colors we use to design our website. The following color combinations should be avoided where possible:
Using a placeholder without a label is problematic because placeholder text usually lacks sufficient contrast. Apple has this problem with their registration form, as shown below:
Apple’s registration form uses a placeholder without a label. (View large version)
Increasing the contrast is not advisable because it will then be hard to tell the difference between placeholder text and user input.
It’s better to use labels – a good practice anyway – with sufficient contrast, which is exactly what Made.com does as shown below:
Often, primary buttons use color alone to present themselves as such, andArgos does just this on its login screen:
The Argos login screen relies on color to emphasize the primary button. (View large version)
Instead, consider using size, placement, boldness, contrast, borders, icons and anything else that will help – within the bounds of your brand guidelines. As an example, Kidly uses size, color and iconography:
Kidly uses size, color and iconography to emphasize the primary button. (View large version)
Success and error messages are often colored green and red respectively. Most color-blind people don’t suffer from achromatism, and so will naturally associate different colors with different messages. However, using prefix text such as “Success” or, my preference, an icon makes it quick and easy to read as shown below:
Color is often used to signify different segments of a graph. The image below demonstrates how people with different vision would see this. The color-blind-friendly graph is on the right.
Using patterns and, where possible, placing text within each segment makes graphs easy to understand. When text doesn’t fit – as is often the case with a small pie chart segment – using a key will suffice.
One accessibility feature that browsers have, is enabling someone to zoom in as much as they need. This improves readability–which is especially helpful on a mobile device.
Unfortunately, zoom can be disabled using the Viewport Meta Tag, which is problematic. For example, text size may be too small to read in relation to the color contrast—but zooming in effectively increases the font size, making it easier to read. So don’t disable zoom on your website.
Similarly to the previous point, browsers provide the ability to increase text size (instead of zooming the entire page as a whole), in order to improve readability. However, some browsers disable this functionality when the font-size is specified in absolute units such as pixels. Using a relative font size unit, such as ems, ensures that all browsers afford this capability.
The tips in this article are not exhaustive, and they are not necessarily applicable to every situation. However, they do cover the majority of problems color-blind people experience when using websites.
It’s more important to take away the principles, so that you can integrate them into your own design process. Ultimately, websites aren’t just meant to look good – they are meant to be easy to use for everyone, including people who are color-blind.
Myself Govardhan, Full Stack Web Developer carrying 3yrs of experience is actively looking for job in UAE,. Expertise in Angular, Node JS, TypeScript, Bootstrap, Express JS, Mongo DB, SQL, Javascript, jQuery, Grunt, Photoshop and many more.
Myself Govardhan, Full Stack Web Developer carrying 3yrs of experience is actively looking for job in UAE,. Expertise in Angular, Node JS, TypeScript, Bootstrap, Express JS, Mongo DB, SQL, Javascript, jQuery, Grunt, Photoshop and many more.
Myself Govardhan, Full Stack Web Developer carrying 3yrs of experience is actively looking for job in UAE,. Expertise in Angular, Node JS, TypeScript, Bootstrap, Express JS, Mongo DB, SQL, Javascript, jQuery, Grunt, Photoshop and many more.
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